Skin creams and salves

Showing posts with label cretin. Show all posts
Showing posts with label cretin. Show all posts

Sunday, July 29, 2012

blessed cretins


image~ "Le Magasin pittoresque, Volume 8"
1840
"One remarkable fact respecting cretins remains to be noticed. They are esteemed by their parents blessings ; they are even said to prefer idiotic children, conceiving them the peculiar gifts of God, and certain of future felicity, because incapable of wilful sin. These idiots are frequently married, and are always carefully tended in all their wants by their relations. It is at least fortunate for these poor objects that such a superstition prevails. They usually bask in the sun all the summer long, and are seldom employed at any occupation, however unintellectual." 1


"Whence the name Cretins?  Several writers think that this term is derived from the word Christian, and justify this strange etymology as follows:—A popular superstition, respectable at least in its effects, regarded as a blessing from God the presence of a Cretin in a family. This poor, inoffensive being, unable to gain the means of livelihood, was, in the eyes of his relatives and neighbors, a holy, sacred object, which drew down the protection of heaven upon the house. He was a christian—a being whom Jesus Christ had sent to call forth his father's and mother's charity. It is easy to understand that such an opinion must be protection for the unhappy people, sunk to the lowest degree of debasement." 2

"Here in Servos, we met for the first time with hideous goitres of immense size, especially in the women, almost all of whom seemed more or less affected with this disease. While making this remark, we were told at the same time that those most unfortunate of all beings, the Cretins, abound in the greatest numbers here at Servos, though found, but less frequently, in all the other villages of the Savoy mountains. In Servos there is hardly a family which does not contain one of these lamentable beings. But they are far from considering this as a misfortune. A kindly superstition teaches the vulgar to regard these poor creatures as consecrated beings, who presage good luck, and they are styled  "the Innocents." No one presumes to do them any harm or ridicule them. Within the cottage the best place at the fireside is the property of the Cretin ; his wants are first supplied, and as abundantly as the means will permit, and his humors, peculiarities and laziness indulged without contradiction. 3

image~ "Crétins and idiots, a short account...", 1853



1 The Gardener's magazine and register of rural & domestic improvement, Volume 9, 1833

2 Complete works of Rev. Thomas Smyth, Volume 8, 1910

3 Child's friend and youth's magazine, Volume 5, 1846


Tuesday, May 8, 2012

Praying for a cure

Hmmmm... an interesting story from an old children's magazine. The moral of this particular story seems to be to be very specific in your prayers.


And to take your iodine!

From  "Golden Hours, A Magazine for Boys and Girls", 1878


LISA rose early, with her mind fully made up. She slipped on her skirt, took her apron and bodice in her hand, and patted down a rocky path which led from Mere Gillott's hut to a spring. Kneeling down by the hand-wide stream which trickled from the spring, she bathed her face, arms, and bosom, and said her prayers, looking toward the east. She wiped her smooth, fresh skin with her apron, and smoothing back her hair, gave it a twist under a kerchief. Then she put on her apron and bodice, and her toilet was made.

Lisa did not know much about the world. She thought all earth was a mountain, with bits of huts dotted here and there, and the universal holidays only such as were kept in her native canton. There was nobody to teach Lisa. She lived in a little hut with Mere Gillott, who was a bent, half-alive old lace-weaver, more ignorant if possible than Lisa herself.

It was a Church holiday, and Lisa had permission from her mistress to spend it in the usual way, in games with the boys and girls, and in company with the whole population, who left work and devoted that day to prayers and feasting and sociability.

After making her toilet she looked very sweet and pretty, though she had neither shoes nor hat. Her wooden shoes must be kept for the cold Winter; her sun-tanned feet must go bare in Summer. Some of the girls who would gather at the festival would wear shoes—real shoes!—but Lisa was not envying them or even thinking of them. She went into the hut. Mere Gillott slept still; her feet moved softly over the earthen floor; she got a thick slice of black bread, a round ball of Swiss cheese and a cup, then she went to the door and called the goat. The goat came near, and Lisa milked some of the thin milk into her cup, and sitting on a stone, ate her breakfast.

The sun was now rising. The air grew lighter, and warm with splendors. Long slants marked distant peaks; the mist rolled cloud over cloud down into hollows. By the time Lisa's breakfast was eaten the sun sprung above the horizon. She now took the garden sickle, and went to the sweet marjoram bed. She cut her apron just as full as she could carry it of sweet marjoram. It was heavy with dew, and Lisa dipped her face into it with delight.

She was now ready to start. But not to the merry-makings which would be kept around the church. She was going up the mountain, on what many would call a superstitious errand. As she came out of the garden, and turned toward the hut to hang up her sickle, the goat clattered up and thrust her nose into Lisa's apron, nibbling the pretty green and white herb.

"Begone, Nanine.'' said Lisa; "this is not for such as thee."

She pulled out a handful for the goat, and hung her sickle on the nail. Then she look the winding and devious path which led up the mountain.

Mere Gillott's hut stood close by the Avail which surrounded an old chalet. Here lived the minister, whose family were all dead, and his housekeeper, a woman so old that nobody in the region pretended to guess at her age. Nevertheless she was still brisk and sharp-eyed. The girls were always glad to sit in groups and hear Mere Grisa talk. Her experiences were marvelous, and they gathered up the very crumbs of her superstition and treasured them.

A few days before the festival Mere Grisa condescended to chat with Mere Gillott. The minister's housekeeper wore a high black cap; the old Gillott had nothing but a black kerchief to her head. Lisa watched them nodding and chattering toothlessly, and wondered how it would seem when she, too, was old. How would she like to have her plump cheeks curve in instead of out? to go bent over, leaning on a stick or crutch? to see her hands and arms shrivel, and all things grow dimmer than they were at present? She did not like the thought. She loved being young and buoyant and strong. She loved to feel her limbs full of spring, and to see such long distances. On the other hand, however, one can not have experiences without growing old, and how all respect the dignified aged!

"It is true," said the somewhat childish old Mere Grisa to Mere Gillott, "I have seen it happen thus again and again. If any one has a heart's desire which he wishes to accomplish, let him try it. Why, there was the mountaineer, Hochuly. His girl wandered from him. Not one in the canton could tell where she was. He roamed aimlessly up the mountains. Not a chamois could tempt him. Then some one—it may have been my great-grandson, Ernst—told him what Mere Grisa knew of the shrine. 'Take an offering there,'said Ernst, 'and you will get your heart's desire.' Hochuly roamed about till, being near the shrine one day, and the words ringing in his ears, he hunts edelweiss and lays it on the shrine. Then, as a Christian man should, he said his prayers, and when he got up from his knees there stood his child Marie, and they flew into each other's arms."

"Yes, yes," said Mere Gillott, "I have heard the tale."

"Where is the shrine, good Mere Grisa?" hastily put in the listening girl.

The old dame peered up at her from under bushy eyebrows.

"And what hast thou to do with a shrine?"

"Why, if folks get their heart's desire by laying such offerings as they can get upon it, I have a heart's desire, and I will go there—yes, and take my ear-rings, if they would do."

"Prut!" ejaculated Mere Grisa. "What are they, little trumpery ear-rings. Art an idol-worshiper, to lay metals and such earth upon a sacred shrine? Take something green and flourishing—something the good God has fashioned, and not a trinket made by man, such as papists deck their waxen figures with. I fear thou ait too rattlebrained to be sound in the faith."

Lisa colored, and her eyes filled.
"I did not know what to take," said she. "My ear-rings are all I have, except my bodice and kerchief and apron and skirt. I would give any thing for my heart's desire."

"Wouldst, eh? Well, what is thy heart's desire, silly thing? A new apron and bodice, and a lover to fill thy head with flattery."

Lisa's face flamed indignantly. "O Mere Grisa! why do you judge me so cruelly? I do not look at any of the young men, and they do not look at me."
"Pooh! it's natural; it's natural", chuckled the old woman.

"And my bodice and apron are quite strong yet," continued Lisa.

"Then what is left for such a chicken as thou art to desire?"

Lisa hung down her head.

"Come, I'll not tell thee where the shrine is unless thou tell what's the heart's desire."

"Mere Grisa, I have a sister—Claire."

"With thy old grandmother, who lives beyond the pass?"

"Yes, Mere Grisa. She is—" Lisa hesitated.

"So I have heard," said the old woman, nodding her head. "Well, and what of that? If she is a cretin it can not be helped."

A tear like an angel's finger traced a bar down Lisa's face. Mere Grisa dimly saw that glistening track; she had a kind old heart.

"Well, child, I was only telling the Mere Gillott that if a believing person goes to the calvary at the light hand side of the Two Brothers' Pass, and takes some little offering in the hand, the heart's desire shall be appeased. It is only a saying in this region. We who are old never expect impossibilities."

"But I know the Two Brothers' Pass," cried Lisa, eagerly, "and I know the shrine. I was once up the mountain as high as that. It is a very old wooden cross fastened in a pile of stones. The figure was blown off it long since, they say."

In consequence of this gossip with Mere Grisa, therefore, the girl set out, as I told you, on this holiday morning, and her destination was not the motherly old church, but the high cross, standing lone on its heap of stones by Two Brothers' Pass.

Lisa clambered cautiously. Her bare feet were hardy, but some of the goat paths were quite steep and full of jagged points. When she had ascended some distance she felt more exhilarated than ever. Some of the people were already gathering to the fete below. Usually Lisa was ready for play and merry-making too. She was too full of her errand, however, to think an instant of play now. She believed that her heart's desire would be given her as soon as she reached the shrine and put down her bundle of sweet marjoram.

"Not on account of the sweet marjoram, though," murmured Lisa. "I did not know any better thing to take. I will ask very distinctly that Claire may be cured, that she may never be a simple cretin any more. What other real heart's desire could I have? I would willingly wear this apron and bodice till I die if Claire could be like other girls. Oh, to see her look up clear and bright at me, instead of dull-eyed, and that horrible pouch hanging from her throat down upon her breast! If Claire were not a cretin, if the goitre were gone, how happy we might be! All our lives we could take such comfort with each other. I wish I had known about this making offerings at the shrine long ago. Why, I would carry sweet herbs up the mountain every day, after my work is done, as long as I live, if Claire could be cured!"

In the simplicity of her heart Lisa continued, as she toiled up and up:
"As soon as I lay the bundle of herb down, I wonder if Claire will stand there cured
as the old mere tells of Hochuly's Marie. Marie appeared to him that moment. How rejoiced I should be! What pleasure it is to look forward to happiness! Shall I take her to the fete? How astonished all would be to see poor Claire standing erect, no goitre upon her poor neck!"

The devious path wove back and forth like a slim shuttle across the dark loom of the mountain. The sun did not grow hot. In that high latitude Lisa would not have been too warm had not exercise opened all her pores. She climbed until past noon, and then sat down for a few moments to rest.

It was a long way to the entrance of Two Brothers' Pass. She never had approached it by this route before, and began to wonder if she were going right. It was much easier to think of making the ascent than to make it.

Lisa had some bread and cheese in her pocket, and she nibbled at it. Then gathering her marjoram closer, she climbed on. Perhaps the lines of her face drooped a little. She grew very tired; but her faith in her errand was great—strong enough to move the mountain itself.

It was late in the afternoon, when the lone wooden cross started out of a cliff side upon her sight. How drear upon its heap of stones! Lisa toiled up to it. Her fair holiday was two-thirds gone. Here was the goal of her efforts. The last quarter league was longer than any other part of her journey. She approached the foot of the pile of stones. It seemed that the story of the region had had other believers.

 Some bunches of dried flowers lay on the stones. A pin-scratched bit of writing was on one of the round stones. Lisa stooped and looked at it, but she could not read, and therefore did not know that it said in blasphemous French:
"Whoever is superstitious fool enough to come here as I did, will go away a convicted fool, but less superstitious."

Lisa looked up at the cross. It must be very lonely in the dark nights. It half-terrified her. She spread down her sweet marjoram on the stones. Then she knelt by it, and told her heart's desire fervently. The mountain echoes handled her little voice very softly. She got up and looked around, really expecting to see Claire, goitreless and lovely, standing close at hand. No one was near her. Her heart turned sick. She got down on her knees again, and waited with a patient waiting. Time moved over the mountain in silence.

"Lisa," called a voice, very tenderly. Lisa turned her head and saw the spiritual, beautiful face of Kaspar, the young mountaineer, who lived nearest her grandmother's hut. He was standing leaning on his alpenstock, his eyes full of sympathetic knowledge of what she was doing. She rose up again, and exclaimed, eagerly:

"Where is Claire?"

"She is cured," said Kaspar, approaching. "I was coming by the Two Brothers' Pass to fetch you to your grandmother's."

"But why didn't Claire come too?" cried Lisa. "When did it happeri? How does she look?"
"I have not seen her since she was changed,"said Kaspar; "but I should think she looked beautiful and happy. You were saying your prayers at the old cross for her, were you?"

"Yes: I was praying that the goitre might leave her, that she might get well and stay so always."

"Well, come with me," said Kaspar; "the change has been made, but you must get accustomed to it."

In time Lisa stood by the bed and looked at her Claire; and the tears trickled down her young, sweet face, but her heart could not break as it might have broken once if she had seen Claire lying before her dead.

The goitre and the idiocy were truly cast off by her sister; even Claire's dead face looked fairer than it ever did in life, and somebody had covered the hideous swelling of her neck. The old grandmother was bustling about the hut; she wiped a tear or two, but Lisa was her favorite, and she did not love the idiot girl as Lisa did.

"She's gone," said the grandmother.

"Cured," breathed Lisa.

"Yes, cured," said Kaspar, putting a hand on her shoulder, "only better cured than you thought to ask for her to be."

Thursday, January 12, 2012

Iodine Deficiency in the Alps, 1800s






 Source: The National Magazine, Vol XI, 1857



 "Recollections of Switzerland"

Valais
The dale of Valais opens before you, traversed by the Rhone on its way to the lake, the same as in the morning you had at your right that pleasant valley whence flows the Arve, coming from Chamouni, and commanded by bold Mont Blanc in the distance.


But while this opens widely, the valley of the Rhone, more inclosed by high mountains, presents, in spite of its rich vegetation, more somber perspectives, and has a mournful aspect. The snows do not shine so radiantly as those of Mont Blanc, which appear like a glittering carpet spread out for angels to climb upon to the furthest verge of earth, and rise from thence to heaven. Here they are scattering and hung upon the broken edges of cloud-capped summits, or else they appear in the distant horizon to form mysterious and inaccessible retreats.

If the shades of evening have commenced falling in the valleys, a secret terror glides into the imagination of the unaccustomed traveler at this threshold of unknown solitudes, leading to the summit of the Alps, to regions ever vexed with tempests, to a world which is always being menaced with glaciers and avalanches.





To the mournfulness of nature may be added that which is inspired at the sight of the inhabitants. What are these deformed dwarfs with a doltish look, a stupid form, abortive efforts at humanity, that creep rather than walk, that make inarticulate sounds in their throats in place of words, whose laugh is a grimace, and whose smile freezes you, that stop you as mendicants, and whose contact with you causes an involuntary horror, as if you were seized by a phantom in the nightmare. Yet they appear inoffensive, and whatever may be the hideous complication that in them attains to perfect ugliness, an ugliness so monstrous that it would disgrace a beast, yet I know not whether it is their early degradation or a kindly decay that extinguishes upon their features even the appearance of malice and all of the passions. What are these objects of fear or of derision? They are idiots! (cretins.) 


Unfortunate race! It would seem that Divine vengeance was wreaking itself on them, that they are the cursed offspring of some one of the Titans, who tried to scale heaven by piling up mountains, and were discomfited by the thunders of Jupiter.

On the contrary, however, the fathers of these poor idiots were a simple people and pious Christians, who came to find pasturage for their herds in these secluded valleys, who passed their lives in prayer, and through lack of bread lived upon milk; who, through lack of wine, cooled their thirst with the clear water of the rivulets. But this water, against which no instinct could guard them, tends to produce that most terrible of all maladies, the goiter, which becomes hereditary and acquires the fullest development; and under the influence of the same regime continued, the intellectual faculties
are changed, and idiocy appears. What venomous principle diffused in these running waters has led to such rapid and profound disorders in the physical organization, and consequently in the mind? None at all.

 The presence of a little magnesia or the absence of a little iodine suffices to produce this effect. And this frightful degeneracy of the human species from the same causes manifests itself throughout mountainous countries, in the Pyrenees and in the Alps, in the Hartz and in the Jura, in the valleys of Thibet, in the Ural chain, in the Andes, and the Cordilleras.

The canton of Valais, in Switzerland, is one of those countries where there is a predilection to the goiter and idiocy. The latter, in its excess, is happily the exception, but the goiter, more or less developed, is general among the women, and it is almost as much of a deformity as the neck of a swan would be in carrying the head of a Valaisian woman.

Next to the goiter the most general characteristic of the Valaisian women is their singular hat. It is worn by the poor as well as the rich, only that of the rich is ornamented with a crest of a rich, wide, gold-colored ribbon, and the brim of it is formed by a multitude of black ribbons placed side by side upon the edge; a superfluity of ornament, the idea of which would scarcely enter the head of a Parisian milliner. These fine Valaisian hats are quite expensive; but one of them lasts a long time, for they are only worn on Sundays and occasional fete days.

If you scale the Alps, whose glaciers separate Switzerland from the kingdom of Sardinia, you will also find, in the southern valley of Aosta, the goiter and idiocy as much as in the northern valley already described. At the village of Aosta these things are infinitely worse. On a summer Sunday, if you pass through the streets at an hour when the inhabitants come and seat themselves before the door to enjoy the air, you will be much affected at the sight of the numerous idiots.

A single road easily accessible, the route so celebrated under the name of the Great St. Bernard, is the means of communication between these two valleys, so rich in beautiful and picturesque scenes, and so mournful by the degradation of a part of the human race.

Source: The National Magazine, Vol XI, 1857